Lipopolysaccharides fromAkkermansia muciniphila

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生化/生理作用

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A moiety stimulate cells of the innate immune system by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor protein family, which recognizes common pathogen-associated molecular-patterns (PAMPs).^,
Akkermansia muciniphila(A. muciniphila) is a gram negative, anaerobic, non motile, non spore forming and oval shaped bacterium.A. muciniphilainhabits the gastrointestinal tracts of more than 90% of adults and constitutes 1-4% of the fecal microbiota.A. muciniphilalevels were suggested to serve as biomarker for a healthy intestine.
A. muciniphiladegrades mucus and utilizes it as a carbon/nitrogen source. Consequently, the host produces additional mucus while the bacterium produces oligosaccharides and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) that can be utilized by the host and trigger the immune system. An additional protective effect of the SCFA is stimulation of mucus-associated microbiota growth, that serves as a barrier against penetration of pathogens to intestinal cells.^,
A. muciniphilawas crowned as the next-generation beneficial microbe. Several reports have indicated thatA. muciniphilaaffects glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and intestinal immunity.In addition, decreasing levels ofA. muciniphilaare related to the development of some diseases such as metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autism and atopy.Weir et al. found a correlation between low level ofA. muciniphilaand colorectal cancer.Shigemetzu Y et al. found thatA. muciniphilaacts as a regulator of the response to PD-1 blockade which is used for anti-cancer immunotherapy.A. muciniphilainduce dendritic cells to secrete IL-12, that is a critical component of the anti-cancer effect of PD-1 blockade.
LPSs fromA. muciniphilastimulate NF-κB dependent secreted embryonic cell alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) production via TLR4. In addition, it induces IL-8, IL-6 and minimal amounts of IL-10 and TNF-α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).A. muciniphila stimulationof IL-8 production by enterocytes was shown to be significantly (100 fold) lower thanE. colistimulation. Low proinflammatory activity keep the mucosa-associated immune system alerted at an appropriate level for generation of mucosal homeostasis.

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安全信息

象形图
警示用语：	Danger
危险声明	H300
预防措施声明	P301 + P310 + P330
危险分类	Acute Tox. 2 Oral
储存分类代码	6.1A - Combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 / very toxic hazardous materials
WGK	WGK 3
闪点(F)	Not applicable
闪点(C)	Not applicable